Archive for the ‘Uncategorized’ Category

St. Louis Cathedral

Friday, April 10th, 2009

The randomwikicast brings you a random wikipedia article with each new episode.  

Get your piece of the internet. Seven dollar and forty nine cent domain names from go daddy. 

Go to holowiski.com/randomwikicast/gd to get the deal

 

St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleans

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

St. Louis Cathedral

Saint Louis Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Saint-Louis), also known as the Basilica of St. Louis, King of France, has the distinction of being the oldest continuously operating cathedral in the United States. First established in 1718, it is the cathedral Basilica in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. It is located on the Place John Paul II (French: Place Jean-Paul II), a promenaded section of Chartres Street (rue de Chartres) that stretches one block between St. Peter Street (rue Saint-Pierre) on the upriver boundary and St. Ann Street (rue Sainte-Anne) on the downriver boundary.

 

Overview

While not usually considered the largest or grandest of the city’s Catholic churches, this historic Cathedral remains an important religious and social center, as well as the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans. Located next to Jackson Square, with its statue of Andrew Jackson on horseback, and facing the Mississippi River, the St. Louis Cathedral is one of New Orleans’s most recognizable landmarks. It is often used as the backdrop for newscasts and political speeches featuring the city of New Orleans.

It is situated between the historic buildings of the Cabildo and the Presbytere.

It is one of the few Catholic churches in the United States that fronts a major public square, indicative of the Catholic roots of New Orleans.[citation needed]

 

History

Three Roman Catholic churches have been on this spot since 1718, giving St. Louis Cathedral the distinction of being one of the oldest cathedrals in North America. The first church was a crude wooden structure in the early days of the colony. Construction of a larger brick and timber church began in 1725 and was completed in 1727. This church was destroyed, along with a large number of other buildings of the city, in the Great New Orleans Fire (1788) on Good Friday on 21 March, 1788. The cornerstone of a new church was laid in 1789 and the building was completed in 1794. In 1793 Saint Louis Church was elevated to cathedral rank. In 1819 a central tower with the clock and bell was added.

Enlarging the building to fit the needs of the growing congregation had been pondered since 1834, and J. N. B. de Pouilly was consulted to design plans for a new building. De Pouilly also designed St. Augustine Church in Tremé, the first in the city for free people of color. On March 12, 1849, a contract was made with John Patrick Kirwan to enlarge and restore the cathedral, using De Pouilly’s plans. These specified that everything except the lateral walls and the lower portions of the existing towers on the front facade be demolished. During the reconstruction it was determined that the sidewalls would have to be demolished also. Then, during construction in 1850, the central tower collapsed. De Pouilly and Kirwan were replaced.[1] As a consequence of these events, very little of the Spanish Colonial structure survived and the present structure primarily dates to 1850. The bell from the 1819 tower was reused in the new building and remains there today.[2] During the renovation, St. Patrick’s Church served as the pro-cathedral for the city.

On 25 April, 1909 a dynamite bomb was set off in the Cathedral, blowing out windows and damaging galleries, but doing less severe damage than might have been expected.

The Cathedral suffered damage in the New Orleans Hurricane of 1915. The following year a portion of the foundation collapsed, necessitating the building being closed while repairs were made, from Easter 1916 to Easter 1917, .

The cathedral was designated as a minor basilica by Pope Paul VI in 1964. Pope John Paul II visited the cathedral in September 1987.

 

Hurricane Katrina

While Hurricane Katrina did not affect the French Quarter as profoundly as other parts of New Orleans, the high winds managed to displace two large oak trees in St. Anthony’s Garden behind the Cathedral. In the process, thirty feet of ornamental gate was dislodged, while the marble statue of Jesus Christ only lost a forefinger and a thumb. Because Hurricane Katrina was downgraded from a Category 5 to a Category 3 and made a last second turn to the north just before striking the Louisiana coast, locals have already declared that the statue of Jesus sacrificed his two fingers while flicking the storm away from the city and saving it from total destruction.

The Cathedral experienced its most profound loss when a small hole was torn in the roof due to Hurricane Katrina’s winds. The hole allowed water to enter the building, pouring into the Holtkamp pipe organ. The organ was severely damaged and was sent back to Holtkamp shortly after the storm to be rebuilt. An electronic substitute was used until June 2008, at which time the organ was reinstalled in the Cathedral. The organ, which was originally installed during the Cathedral’s extensive renovation in 2004, was donated by longtime choir master and organist Dr. Elise Cambon.

 

Copyright (c) 2008 Dave Holowiski.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2

or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;

with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU

Free Documentation License”.

The full license can be viewed here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License#2._VERBATIM_COPYING

Alice Harrison

Tuesday, March 31st, 2009

The randomwikicast brings you a random wikipedia article with each new episode.  

 

Alice Harrison

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Popular Stage Actress

Harrison was highly regarded as a stage performer in California and was a member of McCullough’s old California Western Stock Company. In June 1872 she appeared at the Olympic Theater in New York City in Schneider. The play concerned a young German and his misadventures. Harrison was paired with Johnny Allen in a performance which was highlighted by humorous songs and grotesque dances.

Love Triangle

The actress stayed at the Coleman House when she performed in New York. In April 1879 she was there prior to leaving for Boston, Massachusetts, where she had secured an acting engagement. A woman, formerly Marion Ward, shot Harrison’s friend, Washington Nathan, in the first floor parlor near her bedroom. This happened on the morning she was leaving for Boston. Harrison screamed and directed a hall boy to tell the proprietor there was a murder going on in her room. The shooter was formerly the wife of actor Irish Tim Ward. She made an attempt on Nathan’s life because of jealousy. Nathan’s wound was treated by a surgeon and was not serious. Days later Harrison gave her account of the shooting. She said the first bullet from Ward’s pistol was fired at her and entered the wall on one side of her head. She dodged the fire and quickly exited the parlor.

A warrant was issued for Ward, alias Birdie Bell. Ward came to New York in 1872 from the western part of America. She resided in a house on West Thirty-First Street and lived there for two years. She met a judge affiliated with Boss Tweed who found her a flat on West Twenty-Fourth Street. With his assistance she started a house of her own on Broadway (Manhattan). Through an acquaintance she met Washington Nathan, who she became infatuated with. Nathan was not well off and took money from Ward until he inherited property after his mother died. Ward shot Nathan when she found he was giving proceeds from his mother’s inheritance to Harrison.

 

Career

Harrison sailed for Europe aboard the Germanic ship of the White Star Line in May 1879. She returned to New York in 1881 for a production of B.E. Woolf’s Photos. The theatrical engagement was described as a program of mirthful, musical eccentricity.

While appearing at the Comedy Theater in New York, in March 1885, Harrison stepped on a tack while descending the stairs from her dressing room. She was replaced by an understudy, Bebe Vining, for an engagement of Ixion. The tack ran through her slipper and pierced her small foot. Harrison was threatened by lockjaw but avoided the affliction through careful medical treatment and nursing.

She was in the cast of Hot Water at the Grand Theater in Chicago, Illinois in December 1885. In July 1886 Harrison performed in the comedy, The Maid of Belleville, at the Star Theater in New York. The company, which included actor Frank David, moved on to Chicago when the hot summer weather forced the theater to close abruptly.

 

Death

Harrison died in 1896 of Bright’s Disease complicated by pneumonia. Her remains were cremated and placed in a niche with the ashes of her father.

 

Copyright (c) 2008 Dave Holowiski.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2

or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;

with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU

Free Documentation License”.

 

The full license can be viewed here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License#2._VERBATIM_COPYING

Limbang raid

Wednesday, March 25th, 2009

The randomwikicast brings you a random wikipedia article with each new episode.  

Limbang raid

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 
Part of the Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation
Date December 121962
Location LimbangSarawakBorneo
Result British victory
Belligerents
Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom TNKU
Commanders
Jeremy Moore Salleh Bin Sambas
Strength
One company ~150
Casualties and losses
Five killed, eight wounded 12 killed, 15 captured

The Limbang raid was a military engagement between British Royal Marine commandos and insurgents of the North Kalimantan National Army (Tentara Nasional Kalimantan Utara: TNKU), on December 12,1962. After an amphibious assault on the town of Limbang in SarawakBorneo, the commandos managed to rescue the hostages being held there by the TNKU.

Prelude

On 9 December 1962, as the Brunei Revolt broke out, TNKU militants led by Salleh bin Sambas seized the small town of Limbang. From the police station, they captured several rifles, sterling submachine gunsand one bren light machine gun. This greatly enhanced their weaponry, as they only been armed with shotguns. They imprisoned the British resident and his wife, along with 12 others, and announced their intention of hanging them on the 12th.

The raid

The task of freeing the hostages was given to L company 42 commando, commanded by Captain Jeremy Moore, who were deployed from the commando carrierHMS Albion. To bring the commandos to their target, two cargo lighters were commandeered and crewed by Royal Navy personnel. One of them carried a Vickers machine gun. Moore planned to sail his force up the Limbang river, and then to assault the town directly, so as to avoid giving the rebels time to execute the hostages.

The lighters approached Limbang at dawn on the morning of the 12th. The sound of their engines warned the rebels, and the commandos lost the element of surprise. As they moved in to their landing area, they were met by heavy fire from the police station, where Salleh himself was manning the bren gun. The deck of the lighters offered little protection, and two marines were killed before landing. One craft provided covering fire with the vickers gun, while the first disembarked its men.

The commandos charged the police station, where they killed ten rebels and captured the bren gun. Salleh Bin Sambas was injured, but made good his escape. The hostages were discovered in the hospital, where the resident was singing loudly, to avoid being mistaken for a rebel. After all the commandos had landed, they spent the rest of the day clearing Limbang house by house, during which three more marines were killed.

Aftermath

British forces continued operations continued in the area in the following days, and captured 11 more prisoners. The intelligence they gathered suggested that the TNKU force had been undone by the Limbang battle: the more committed fighters had escaped into the surrounding jungle, while the local conscripts had thrown away their weapons and uniforms.

For their role in the battle, Corporals Lester and Rawlinson were awarded Military Medals, while Captain Moore was awarded a bar for his Military Cross. He later went on to command the British forces during the Falklands warJeremy Black, the RN officer who commanded one of the lighters, later became Captain of HMS Invincible, during the same conflict. After this action L company became known as “Limbang company”.

Copyright (c) 2008 Dave Holowiski.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2

or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;

with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU

Free Documentation License”.

The full license can be viewed here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License#2._VERBATIM_COPYING

Frederick Illingworth

Tuesday, March 24th, 2009

The randomwikicast brings you a random wikipedia article with each new episode.  

Frederick Illingworth

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Frederick Illingworth

Frederick Illingworth (24 September 1844–8 September 1908), Australian politician, was a Member of Parliament in twoAustralian states, and a government minister in Western Australia. As a financier of land speculation in Victoria in the 1880s, he was heavily involved in the Victorian land boom.

Early life

Frederick Illingworth was born in Little Horton now part of BradfordWest Yorkshire on 24 September 1844. The son of a woolcomber, he emigrated to Victoria, Australia with his family at the age of four. As a young man he worked as anironmonger at BrightonMelbourne, and he later acquired pastoral land at Yalook. On 5 September 1867 he married Elizabeth Tarry, with whom he would have one son and one daughter. In the late 1870s he partnered with J. R. Hoskins to form an estate agent firm, but the business failed. In 1883 he returned to ironmongery, establishing an electroplating business in Melbourne.

Victorian land boom

In 1888, Illingworth founded and became the major share holder in the Centennial Land Bank. This was a land bank formed to finance speculation on real estateduring the Victorian land boom, an economic bubble that had begun in the early 1880s. The boom peaked around 1888, then crashed. Nearly every land company went into liquidation, and Illingworth was left with large debts. Despite having been elected to the Victorian Legislative Council for the Northern Province in July 1889, Illingworth fled to Western Australia in 1900, and the following year his seat was declared vacant for non-attendance.

Further reading
  • Cannon, Michael (1966). “Chapter 24: Frederick Illingworth and the Centennial Bank”. The Land Boomers. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press.

[edit]In Western Australia

In Western Australia Illingworth established himself as a land and estate agent, and invested in a number of mines in the Murchison district. On 5 July 1894 he was elected to the Western Australian Legislative Council in the seat of Nannine. He held the seat until its abolishment for the election of May 1897, when he instead won the seat of Central Murchison. This in turn was abolished for the election of 24 April 1901, so Illingworth contested and won the seat of Cue. Defeated for Cue by Edward Heitmann in the election of 27 June 1904, he successfully contested the seat of West Perth on 27 October 1905, holding it until his resignation on 13 August 1907.

Illingworth initially sat in parliament in opposition to John Forrest’s government. From August 1900 until May 1901 he was Leader of the Opposition, and was accordingly called upon to form a government when Forrest’s successor George Throssell resigned as premier in May 1901. He was unable to do so, however, because George Leake refused to serve under him, and the other oppositionists would not serve without Leake. Eventually, an agreement was reached whereby Leake became Premier and Illingworth became Colonial Treasurer and Colonial Secretary. he held these portfolios throughout the term of the First Leake Ministry, and was reappointed to the positions in the Second Leake Ministry. Following Leake’s death in June 1902, Illingworth was not included in the ministry of Leake’s successor Walter James. He was Chairman of Committees from 3 December 1903 to 27 June 1904, and again from 30 November 1905 until his resignation.

Illingworth had married Jane McGregor at AdelaideSouth Australia on 18 November 1896. They would have no children. Illingworth’s creditors released him from his financial obligations in 1903, and the Government of Western Australia then granted him £1000 as compensation for the financial proceedings taken against him in Victoria. After his resignation from the Legislative Assembly in August 1907, he must have returned to Victoria, for he died at Brighton, Victoria on 8 September 1908, and was buried in Melbourne Cemetery.

 

Copyright (c) 2008 Dave Holowiski.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2

or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;

with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU

Free Documentation License”.

The full license can be viewed here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License#2._VERBATIM_COPYING

Star Wars: Battlefront III

Monday, March 23rd, 2009

 

The randomwikicast brings you a random wikipedia article with each new episode.  

Star Wars: Battlefront III

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Star Wars: Battlefront III
Publisher(s) LucasArts
Series Star Wars: Battlefront
Release date(s) TBA
Genre(s) ActionThird/first-person shooter

Star Wars: Battlefront III is an in development first/third-person shooter video game to be the fourth in the Star Wars: Battlefront series.[1] It would be the sequel to Star Wars Battlefront: Renegade Squadron and Star Wars: Battlefront II.

Development

On September 29, 2006, Computer and Video Games (CVG) magazine claimed that Free Radical Design was developing the game, however, neither Free Radical Design nor LucasArts have officially announced this project to be Star Wars: Battlefront III.[2][3] A “Secret Lucasarts Project” was also listed on the Free Radical Design soon thereafter.[4]

Kotaku, a video game blog, allegedly received information from a former LucasArts employee that Star Wars: Battlefront III, along with other rumored games, were in the creation process.[5] Later on July 8, 2008, Star Wars: Battlefront III was listed on Amazon.com as being released for the PlayStation 3WiiXbox 360PlayStation 2,Nintendo DS, and PlayStation Portable on March 15, 2009 but the listing was later removed.[6] On October 2nd, 2008, OLFC listed Star Wars: Battlefront III for the Nintendo DS with a PG rating for mild animated violence. The classification had been filed by Activision Blizzard.[7]

On December 28, 2008, renders of Star Wars characters surfaced from a laid off employee of Free Radical, bearing the Star Wars Battlefront III watermark.[1]Further leaked artwork hints that a dark-side rendition of Obi-Wan Kenobi may be featured in the game.[8]

Soon after on January 15, 2009, gameplay footage was leaked from a Free Radical in-house showing from November 2008. It showed seamless ground to space maps, new units, maps, and faster overall gameplay, and was branded with the Free Radical Design logo.[9] The leaked footage and pictures revealed that the engine of Battlefront III is graphically far superior than its predecessors. Furthermore the footage featured cutscenes and appeared to place more emphasis on storyline elements while still retaining the trademark style of gameplay. The footage was later pulled on IGN after Lucas Arts demanded it be removed as it is “the intellectual property of Lucasfilm and [has] been posted without permission”.[10] A former employee of Free Radical Design later sat down to an interview with IGN. Regarding the technology to seamlessly travel from air to space the ex-employee stated, “It’s dead. The stuff in the video of going from the ground to air to space to orbit is the tech that is dying with us”.[11] Free Radical Design announced that they lost the rights to develop Star Wars: Battlefront III in October, prior to them going into administration. The game had been in development for two years.[12]

Speculation led to Pandemic Studios as taking over the project, however a recent post made by a company spokesperson on the official Pandemic Studiosforums refuted that speculation.[13]

 

Copyright (c) 2008 Dave Holowiski.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2

or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;

with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU

Free Documentation License”.

The full license can be viewed here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License#2._VERBATIM_COPYING

 

022 – Jacques-André Emery

Saturday, February 14th, 2009

The randomwikicast brings you a random wikipedia article with each new episode. 

Jacques-André Emery

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jacques-André Emery 9b. 26 August 1732, at Gex; d. at Paris28 April 1811) was a French Sulpician monk, Superior of the Society of St-Sulpice during the French Revolution.

Life

After his preliminary studies with the Carmelites of his native town and the Jesuits of Mâcon, he passed to the Seminary of St. Irenæus at Lyon and completed his studies atSt-Sulpice, Paris, where he became a member of the society of that name and was ordained priest (1758).

He taught in the seminaries of Orléans and Lyon; at Lyon, he opposed the archbishop, Antoine de Montazet, of Jansenist sympathies. Partly on the recommendation of the archbishop, he was made superior of the seminary at Angers (1776), and later became vicar-general of the diocese. In 1782 he was elected Superior-General of the Seminary and Society of St-Sulpice.

Emery reformed seminaries and worked for the training of clergy. After the Revolution broke, he was, perhaps, during that period, the coolest head among the churchmen of France. Many came to him for advice. He was, says the historian Sicard, “the head and the arm” of the party whose counsels were marked by moderation and good sense; “a man who was rarely endowed in breadth of learning, in knowledge of his time, in the clearness of his views, in the calmness and energy of his decisions; the oracle of the clergy, consulted on all sides less by reason of his high position than of his superior wisdom. M. Emery was called by Providence to be the guide throughout the long interregnum of the episcopate during the revolution” (L’Ancien Clergé;, III, 549). And Cardinal de Bausset declares that he was the “real moderator of the clergy during twenty years of the most violent storms”.

The decisions of the Archiepiscopal Council at Paris concerning the several oaths demanded of the clergy, inspired by Emery, were accepted by large numbers of priests and violently assailed by others. To their acceptance was due whatever Catholic worship remained in France during the Revolution; to their rejection was due, in large part, the opinion which came to regard the clergy as “the irreconcilable enemies of the republic”. Emery did not, like many others, mistake purely political projects for vital questions of religion. He felt free to take the “Oath of Liberty and Equality”, but only as concerning the civil and political order; he upheld the lawfulness of declaring submission to the laws of the Republic (30 May, 1795), and of promising fidelity to the Constitution (28 December, 1799).

He lent his influence to Guiseppe Spina in his efforts to obtain the resignation of the French bishops, according to the will of Pope Pius VII (15 August 1801). While ready, for the good of religion, to go as far as the rights of the Church permitted, he was stanch in his opposition to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy (1790). Public religious services were suspended during the Revolution, and the seminaries closed; St-Sulpice was taken over by the revolutionists, and Emery was imprisoned and several times narrowly escaped execution.

The closing of the seminaries in France led Father Emery, on the request of Bishop Carroll, to send some Sulpicians to the United States to found the first American seminary at Baltimore (St. Mary’s, 18 July, 1791). The future religion of the country, he wrote to Father Nagot, the first superior, depended on the formation of an American clergy, which alone would be adequate and fit for the work before it. Despite the discouragements of the first years, he continued the supporter of the institution and welcomed the foundation of the college at Pigeon Hill, and later at Emmitsburg, for young aspirants to the priesthood. At one time, however, Bishop Carroll feared the withdrawal of the Sulpicians, but his arguments and above all the advice of Pius VII convinced Father Emery that the good of religion in America required their presence.

After Napoleon came into supreme control, Father Emery re-established the Seminary of St-Sulpice. His defence of the pope against the emperor caused Napoleon to expel the Sulpicians from the seminary; this, however, did not daunt Emery, who defended the papal rights in the presence of Napoleon (17 March, 1811) and gained the emperor’s admiration, if not his good will. “He was”, remarks Sicard, “the only one among the clergy from whom Napoleon would take the truth.” The death of Father Emery occurred a month later.

Works

He left many writings which have been published by Migne in his collection of theological works. They deal chiefly with the politico-religious questions of the day. He is best remembered, perhaps, by his dissertation on the mitigation of the sufferings of the damned. He wrote also on DescartesLeibniz, and Francis Bacon, and published from their works extracts in defence of religion.

References

  • Gosselin, Vie de M. Emery, 2 vols. (Paris, 1861-1862);
  • Migne, Histoire de M. Emery et de l’eglise de France pendant la révolution et pendant l’empire, 2 vols. (Paris, 1895);
  • Sicard, L’Ancien Clergé de France (Paris, 1902), III.

External links

This article incorporates text from the public-domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913.

Copyright (c) 2008 Dave Holowiski.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2

or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;

with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU

Free Documentation License”.

The full license can be viewed here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License#2._VERBATIM_COPYING

012 – Corrosion fatigue

Wednesday, February 4th, 2009

The randomwikicast brings you a random wikipedia article with each new episode. 

Corrosion fatigue

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Corrosion fatigue is fatigue in a corrosive environment. It is the mechanical degradation of a material under the joint action of corrosion and cyclic loading. Nearly all engineering structures experience some form of alternating stress and are exposed to harmful environments during their service life. The environment plays a significant role in the fatigue of high strength structural materials like steels, aluminum alloys and titanium alloys. Materials with high specific strength are being developed to meet the requirements of advancing technology. However,their usefulness depends to a large extent on the extent to which they resist corrosion fatigue. Effects of corrosive environments on fatigue behavior of metallic materials have been studied as early as 1930 (1).

Characteristics

Effect of corrosion on S-N diagram

Effect of corrosion on smooth specimen S-N diagram is shown schematically in Fig.1.

Fig.1 Effect of corrosion on S-N diagram

. In this figure, curve A shows the fatigue behavior of a material tested in air. A fatigue threshold or limit is seen in A corresponding to the horizontal part of the curve. Curves B and C represent the fatigue behavior of the same material in two corrosive environments. In curve B, the fatigue failure at high stress levels is retarded and the fatigue limit is eliminated. In curve C, the whole curve is shifted to the left indicating a general lowering in the fatigue strength, accelerated initiation at higher stresses and elimination of a fatigue limit. To meet the needs of advancing technology, higher strength materials are developed through heat treatments or alloying. Such higher strength materials generally exhibit higher fatigue limits and thus can be used at higher service stress levels even under fatigue loading. However, presence of corrosive environments during fatigue loading eliminates this stress advantage, as the fatigue limit becomes almost insensitive to the strength level for a particular group of alloys (2). This effect is schematically shown, for the case of several steels, in Fig.2.

Fig.2 Effect of corrosion on fatigue limits of steels

. This figure brings out the debilitating effect of corrosive environments on the functionality of high strength materials under fatigue.

Corrosion fatigue in aqueous media is an electrochemical behavior. Cracks are initiated either by pitting or at persistent slip bands (3). Corrosion fatigue can hence be reduced by alloy additions, inhibition, and cathodic protection all of which reduce pitting (4) Since corrosion fatigue cracks initiate at the metal surface, surface treatments like plating, cladding, nitriding and shot-peening were found to improve the materials’ resistance to this phenomenon (5).

Crack propagation studies in corrosion fatigue

In normal fatigue testing of smooth specimens, about 90% of the life is spent in crack nucleation and only the remaining 10 % in crack propagation. However,in corrosion fatigue,crack nucleation is facilitated by corrosion and typically about 10 % of life is sufficient for this stage. The rest, 90 % of life is spent in crack propagation. Thus it is much more informative to evaluate the crack propagation behavior during corrosion fatigue. Fracture mechanics uses pre-cracked specimens and effectively measures crack propagation behavior. Hence considerable emphasis is being given to crack propagation velocity measurements using fracture mechanics to study corrosion fatigue. Since fatigue crack grows in a stable fashion below the critical stress intensity factor for fracture (fracture toughness), the process is called sub-critical crack growth. Fig.3 shows a typical fatigue crack growth behavior.

Fig.3. Typical fatigue crack growth behavior(Schematic)

.

In this log-log plot,the crack propagation velocity is plotted against the applied stress intensity range. Generally there is threshold stress intensity range below which the crack propagation velocity is insignificantly low. Three stages may be visualized in this plot. Near the threshold,crack propagation velocity increases considerably with increasing stress intensity range, a second region where the curve is nearly linear and follows the Paris’ law(6), and the third region where crack propagation velocity increases rapidly with stress intensity range leading to fracture at the fracture toughness value.

Crack propagation under corrosion fatigue may be classified in to i) true corrosion fatigue, ii) stress corrosion fatigue and iii) a combination of true, and stress, corrosion fatigues.

True corrosion fatigue

In true corrosion fatigue, the fatigue crack growth rate is enhanced by corrosion and this effect is seen in all the three regions of the fatigue crack growth rate diagram. Fig.4 shows a schematic diagram of crack growth rate under true corrosion fatigue.

Fig.4 Crack growth behavior under true corrosion fatigue

. It is seen from this figure that the whole curve is shifted to lower stress intensity factor range in the corrosive environment. The threshold is lower and the crack growth velocities are higher at all stress intensity factors. The fracture of the specimen occurs when the stress intensity factor range is equal to the applicable threshold stress intensity factor for stress corrosion cracking.
When attempting to analyze the effects of corrosion fatigue on crack growth in a particular, both corrosion type and fatigue load levels can each affect the crack growth to varying degrees. Common corrosion types include crevice, pitting, filiform, exfoliation, intergranular–each will affect crack growth in a particular material in a distinct way. For instance, pitting corrosion will often be the most damaging type of corrosion, degrading a material’s performance (that it, speeds up crack growth rates) more than any of the other kinds of corrosion; even pits the order of a material’s grain size can substantially degrade a material. The degree to which corrosion can affect crack growth rates can also be depending on fatigue load levels; for instance, corrosion can cause much greater increase in crack growth rates at low loads than it does at high loads (7).

Stress corrosion fatigue

In materials where the maximum applied stress intensity factor exceeds the stress corrosion cracking threshold value, stress corrosion will also add to the crack growth velocity. This is shown schematically in Fig.5.

Fig.5 Crack growth behavior under stress corrosion fatigue

. In the corrosive environment, the crack grows due to cyclic loading at lower stress intensity ranges,but above the threshold stress intensity for scc, additional crack growth (red line) occurs due to stress corrosion cracking. The lower stress intensity regions are not affected and the threshold stress intensity range for fatigue crack propagation is unchanged in the corrosive environment.

In the most general case, corrosion fatigue crack growth may exhibit both of the above effects and the crack growth behavior is represented schematically in Fig.6.

Fig.6. Combined true corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion fatigue.

References

  1. P. T. Gilbert,Metallurgical Reviews,1 (1956)379
  2. H. Kitegava, in Corrosion fatigue, chemistry, mechanics and microstructure, O. Devereux et al. eds. NACE, Houston,(1972), p.521
  3. C. Laird and D. J. Duquette, ibid,p.88
  4. J. congleton and I. H. Craig, in Corrosion Processes, R. N. Parkins (ed), Applied Science Publishers London, (1982),p.209.
  5. H. H. Lee and H. H. Uhlig, Metall. Trans., 3 (1972),2949.
  6. P. C. Paris and F. Erdogan, J. Basic Engineering, ASME Trans., 85 (1963), 528
  7. Craig L. Brooks, Scott A. Prost-Domasky, Kyle T. Honeycutt, and Thomas B. Mills. Predictive modeling of structure service life. In ASM Handbook Volume 13A, Corrosion: Fundamental, Testing and Protection, October 2003, 946-958.

Copyright (c) 2008 Dave Holowiski.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document

under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2

or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;

with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.

A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU

Free Documentation License”.

The full license can be viewed here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License#2._VERBATIM_COPYING

011 – Matru Sewa Sangh

Tuesday, February 3rd, 2009

The randomwikicast brings you a random wikipedia article with each new episode. 

Matru Sewa Sangh

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Matru Sewa Sangh is an Indian non-profit organization founded in 1921. It runs a network of sites dedicated to providing health services to the poor, including a maternityhospital, school for mentally retarded, home for the aged, child adoption services, working women’s hostel and family counseling center. It also runs the Institute of Social Work, affiliated with Nagpur University, which provides adult education and development progammes. Matru Sewa Sangh was founded by Kamalatai Hospet (1896-1981) and Venutai Nene (1896-1973).

Recognition

The leaders of Indian society, such as Jawaharlal Nehru and Indira Gandhi, among others, recognized Matru Sewa Sangh’s work over the course of its existence.[1]

Awards to the organisation and its staff include:

Maternity hospitals

The organisation has 12 maternity hospitals in the states of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. Founded in 1921, the original hospital at Nagpur now provides 75 beds and a range of out-patient clinics. It is a government-recognised facility for training house officers and for medical fee reimbursement. Services include family planning, antenatal and postantal care, premature baby care, a well-baby clinic with a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), cancer detection, othopaedics, and homeopathy and ayurvedic clinics. The hospital has an outreach vehicle taking family planning services to outlying areas.

Institute of Social Work

The Institute was founded in 1958 and provides adult education in Nagpur. It runs development centres and programmes in the slums and in rural areas. In conjunction withNagpur University it grants bachelor’s and master’s degrees in social work.

Other organisations

In 1971, Kamalatai Hospet also co-founded Vidya Shikshan Prasarak Manda, which now has more than fifty educational institutes.[1]

References

External links

Copyright (c) 2008 Dave Holowiski.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU
Free Documentation License”.
The full license can be viewed here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License#2._VERBATIM_COPYING

007 – Software for handling chess problems

Friday, January 30th, 2009

The randomwikicast brings you a random wikipedia article with each new episode. 

Software for handling chess problems

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Software for chess problems is a category of software intended for handling chess problems, usually distinct from chess playing and analyzing programs. Chess problems are based on the rules of chess, but problemists may have little use for ordinary chess playing programs. Many chess playing programs also have an option for solvingdirectmates, i.e. mates in two, three, four, and more moves, and some of them also has support for helpmates and selfmates.

Software for chess problems can be used for creating and solving problems, including checking the soundness of a concept and position, storing it in a database, printing and publishing, and saving and exporting the problem. They can solve direct mates, helpmates and selfmates and even problems with fairy pieces and other fairy chess problems. There have also been some attempts to have computers “compose” problems.

Alybadix

Alybadix is one of the oldest software (1980) programs for chess problems. Alybadix is written by Ilkka Blom. It is proprietary software, written for DOS with a free, independent Windows interface. [1] Alybadix supports solving classical problems: direct mates, helpmates, selfmates, many fairy pieces, and fairy piece conditions.[1] It comes with a large problem collection.[1] It also supports quality printing.

Chloe and Winchloe

Chloe (DOS) and Winchloe (proprietary software) are solving programs written by Christian Poisson. Winchloe not only supports classical problems  — direct mates, helpmates and selfmates  — but also many fairy pieces and conditions with different sized chessboards (up to 250 by 250 squares). It comes with a collection of more than 250,000 problems that can be updated via the Internet. Christian Poisson also maintains the Web site Problemesis.

Explorer

Explorer (for DOS) and its Windows version, Chess Explorer, are shareware programs written by Jan Nowakowski. It solves mate, selfmate and helpmate problems. It has the interesting option of creating “mate in two moves” or “mate in three moves” problems. It can also solve the eight queens puzzle and similar problems.

MateMaster

MateMaster is free software written for Windows by Frank Schindler. MateMaster solves conventional mate problems. The board position can be copied and saved as a bitmap graphic.

MatPlus Librarian (MPL)

MatPlus Librarian is written by Yugoslav problem grandmaster Milan Velimirovi?.[2] It is shareware, though it can be used unregistered without any restriction and a way to register is shown on its website.[2]

MatPlus Librarian is able to enter the chess position, solving with its own module or other programs (Alybadix, Popeye, Chloe), it has a powerful database module with dynamic creation of indexes of themes, authors or sources.[2] It is possible to import and problems from chess problem bases such as Problemiste, export can the position to Windows Bitmap, or HTML format for Web page design. It can print out in various formats with selectable layout and size of diagram and font.[2] MatPlus Librarian also offers databases, called “books”, for free with more than 5000 problems from articles published in Mat Plus chess magazine (1994-1999), Anthology of 2345 Problems (2345 problems) and many more problems.[2]

Natch and iNatch

Natch and iNatch are freeware programs written by Pascal Wassong for DOS and Linux. Natch solves retrograde analysis problems by constructing a “proof game” – the shortest possible game leading to a certain position. Natch is a command line utility, but there is a Java based graphical interface. iNatch also provides moves with fairy conditions: monochrome chessEinstein chess, vertical cylinder.

Problemist(e)

Problemist is a shareware program written by Matthieu Leschamelle for Windows and Windows Mobile. Problemist solves direct mates, helpmates, selfmates andreflexmates. It can rotate positions, print diagrams and much more. With Problemist come two TrueType chess fonts, and from its web page you can download more than 100,000 problems. Problemist is the first chess problems exchange format .

Popeye

Popeye is chess problem-solving software. Popeye runs from a command line interface, but it can be used with several operating systems and can be connected to several existing graphical interfaces since it comes with freely available source code in the C programming language. Popeye is one of the most exhaustive solving programs . It can solve problems with many fairy pieces and conditions, and can output to LaTeX . The original author of Popeye was Philippe Schnoebelen who wrote it in Pascal under MS-DOS around 1983-84 . The code was later donated in the spirit of the free software movement . Elmar BartelNorbert GeisslerThomas MaederTorsten LinssStefan HoeningStefan BrunzenHarald DenkerThomas Bark and Stephen Emmerson, converted Popeye to C, and now maintain the program.

Problem Database

Chess Problem Database Server is an interactive database of chess problems with 140,000 problems maintained by Gerd Wilts . Problems are also represented graphically with solutions and commentary .

Retractor

Retractor is freeware software, written for Windows 95 and NT, by Chad Whipkey and Theodore Hwa . The program is proposed only for solving retractors and composingretrograde chess problems.

VKsach

VKsach is freeware software, written by Václav Kotešovec, with only a Czech-language interface. It is suitable for solving and composing problems .

References

External links

Copyright (c) 2008 Dave Holowiski.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU
Free Documentation License”.
The full license can be viewed here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License#2._VERBATIM_COPYING

006 – Mavis Hee

Thursday, January 29th, 2009

The randomwikicast brings you a random wikipedia article with each new episode. 

Mavis Hee

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Mavis Hee (simplified Chinese???traditional Chinese???pinyin: X? M?i Jìng; born September 271974) is a Singaporean singer.

She was the second runner-up and also Miss Photogenic and Miss Amity for Singapore’s Miss Chinatown Pageant 1992.

Her work

Her first album Knowingly was released in August 1994. After the release, famed Taiwanese singer-composerJonathan Lee ??? invited her to join his production company. However, Mavis rejected the offer so that she could continue working with her mentor, Chen Jia Ming ???.

Mavis went on to release other chart topping albums. Her debut album in Taiwan, Regret, propelled her to regional stardom. She was labelled “Heavenly Queen Killer” (or ????) for having beaten Faye Wong and the 4 Heavenly Kings in sales charts. Her best-selling album to date, Living By Night ?????, chalked an impressive 300,000 copies in Taiwan. Following the success, Mavis broke into the competitive Cantonese market with the release of Listen Quietly ????13?. The album topped the Hong Kong IFPI sales chart for 3 consecutive weeks, beating other Hong Kong singer, Andy Lau, Leon Lai and Sammi Cheng. She became the first Singaporean to win the Most Popular Female Singer award in HK Metro Hit awards, beating Faye Wong.

She also released a compilations album, Review 1996-1999, which sold more than 250,000 copies in Taiwan. Her last album released was the electronic infused Heelectronic??. She is famous for her ballads such as “Regret” ??, “Iron Window” ??, “Living By Night” ?????, “Sunshine After the Rain” ??????? and “Moonlight in the City” ?????.

In 1998, Mavis was handpicked by famous cinematographer Christopher Doyle to star in his directorial debut film, Away With Words. Lending her star support, she was the ambassador of Singapore’s National Kidney Foudation in 1999 and also a volunteer in Youth Challenge in the same year.

Mavis was the singer for Singapore’s National Day Parade 2000 theme song, “Shine On Me”, together with fellow Singaporean Jai. She was also appointed a cultural ambassador for China in 2001.

Mavis made a conscious decision to fade out from the music scene after 2001, when her record company, What’s Music, was absorbed into Universal Music Taiwan, and the company could not accommodate her artistic integrity within commercial considerations. Some of her last public appearances were for MediaCorp, a Singapore television and broadcast station, where she recorded the hit single Watch TV with fellow Singaporean singers Tanya Chua and Stefanie Sun, and as a guest presenter at the Star Awards 2002 (her last public appearance).

From 2003 to 2004, she traveled around Italy.

In June 2006, Mavis hit the headlines in Singapore when she was arrested after harassing two hotel guests at the Ritz-Carlton Hotel. She was warded at Singapore’s Institute of Mental Health, and was diagnosed with clinical depression after a stay of four weeks. She was not charged by the police. In October 2006, she came out to explain her actions in a series of interviews with the Singapore media, explaining that she was on the road to recovery. She also thanked her fans for their immense support all these years.

On 10 Dec 2006, Mavis was invited as a guest presenter for Singapore’s Star Awards 2006, presumably to mark her official comeback to the music industry. She also apologized for the hotel incident as she was sick.

In 27 September 2007, Mavis’ 33rd birthday, she released 2 new singles after a hiatus of 7 years. They were the theme songs of the movie, Anna & Anna, ????Liu Xia and ?????Bu Zhi Chu.

In June 2008, Mavis finally returned to the stage to perform the opening act for a charity concert with other Singaporean singers to raise funds to help the Sichuan earthquake victims. Mavis sang her classics, Cheng Li De Yue Guang and Yang Guang Zong Zai Feng Yu Hou?much to the applause of the audience who missed her sweet and dulcet voice.

Mavis’ latest performance include attending CCTV’s annual mega Mid-Autumn Show 2008 where big Chinese stars are invited to perform. This had raised Mavis’ profile tremendously especially since it is transmitted live to millions of audience throughout China and Asia. This show also serve as the first step to Mavis slow but steady comeback.

More performances and meet-the-fans sessions are expected in December. Rumour has it that Mavis will release her 3rd single in December 2008 too.

Discography

Date of release Title
August 1994
  • Knowingly ???(Singapore)
December 1995
  • Regret ?? (Singapore and China Taiwan)
February 1996
  • Regret ?? (Hongkong)
August 1996
  • Knowingly ???(China Mainland, Hongkong SAR, China Taiwan)
December 1996
  • Living By Night ?????
April 1997
  • Listen Quietly ????13? (Cantonese & Mandarin)
June 1997
  • Sigh of the wind ????(EP/Mandarin)
December 1997
  • Spreading ??
March 1998
  • Cover Myself ??? (Cantonese)
September 1998
  • Ex-Friends EP ????EP (Cantonese)
January 1999
  • Happiness Is Guiltless ????
June 1999
  • Review 1996-1999 (Mandarin)
March 2000
  • Heelectronic ??
June 2000
  • Coffee Smell EP ???EP (Mandarin)
May 2001
  • Knowingly ???(Republished by Universal Music Group)
February 2001
  • Regret ?? (Republished by Universal Music Group for classical songs)
April 2002
  • Listen Quietly ????13? (Republished by Universal Music Group/Cantonese & Mandarin)
December 2002
  • Spreading ?? (Republished by Universal Music Group for classical songs)
October 2003
  • Perfect Compilation ????
September 2007
  • Anna & Anna OST ???? ?????

Related Websites

Fan Club: http://www.mavishee.com

Fan Club: http://www.mavishee.net

Baidu Forum: http://tieba.baidu.com/f?ct=&tn=&rn=&pn=&lm=&kw=%D0%ED%C3%C0%BE%B2&rs2=0&myselectvalue=1&word=%D0%ED%C3%C0%BE%B2&submit=%B0%D9%B6%C8%D2%BB%CF%C2&tb=on

Copyright (c) 2008 Dave Holowiski.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled “GNU
Free Documentation License”.
The full license can be viewed here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License#2._VERBATIM_COPYING